Schweikert et al. 2026 (Article) Tillandsia, Tillandsia loma

Drowning in a sandy ocean: Epiarenic growth of Tillandsia in the hyperarid Atacama Desert

Author(s):—R. Schweikert, R.E. Stein, N. Bogs, O. Bubenzer, C. del R?o, D. Harpke, S.M. May, A. Siegmund, A. Stoll, D. Quandt & M.A. Koch

Publication:—bioRxiv 2026.02.23.707457. (2026) — DOI

Abstract:—The Atacama Desert hosts a unique ecosystem formed by the sand-dwelling Tillandsia landbeckii, which extends over hundreds of square kilometers. This vegetation relies primarily on fog as its main water source; however, aeolian sand also plays a crucial role in the long-term persistence of both the species and the overall plant community. The terrain is sloped and exposed to the prevailing wind direction. Tillandsia forms regular banding patterns oriented orthogonally to these landscape features. In this study, we aim to elucidate the abiotic?biotic interactions between sand properties and vegetation characteristics through a comparative approach. Three populations - Caldera, Oyarbide and Arica-, each spanning several square kilometers in the southern, central, and northern regions of the Chilean Atacama Desert, were selected to compare wind regimes, terrain structure, sand and substrate properties, and vegetation structure in order to identify common principles that maintain vegetation integrity. Data were collected from six climate stations, 1,246 substrate samples, population genomic data from 718 individuals, as well as satellite imagery and digital terrain models. Our findings demonstrate that regional wind systems transport sand from distant source areas, while near the ground, Tillandsia vegetation reduces wind velocity and traps sand, leading to the formation of moderately sorted sandy substrates that are similar across all three populations. Sites lacking or containing dead Tillandsia individuals often differ significantly in substrate characteristics. Genetic analyses indicate that Tillandsia populations exhibit strong spatial structure albeit recruiting high genetic diversity and an excess of heterozygosity, reflecting adaptation to the dynamic environmental conditions. We conclude that sand represents an essential component of this ecosystem, while Tillandsia, as the dominant biotic factor, actively shapes and maintains this distinctive desert environment.HighlightsUnimodal regional wind systems facilitate sand transport toward TillandsialesTillandsiales sites show a low-energy wind system allowing sand accumulation of predominant grain sizes available at each siteTillandsia landbeckii actively modifies and maintains its own microenvironmentGenomic data reveal high clonality and an excess of heterozygosityAbiotic factors likely drive the selection of diverse Tillandsia phenotypesGraphical abstractGenerated based on own drawings and iterative improvements using ChatGPT while providing own peer-reviewed research contributions as input and baseline information (MAK).Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 268236062 - SFB 1211

Keywords:—Biotic-abiotic interactions, epiarenic growth, granulometry, population genomics, sand properties, Tillandsia landbeckii, vegetation ecology, wind system